幹細胞（STEM CELL)

Embryonic

• Undifferentiated (unspecialized)
• Can give rise to specialized cells – can differentiate
• Capable of diving and proliferating for long periods – proliferation
• Pluripotent – involves destroying embryo
• First isolated in 1998 by James Thompson at university of Wisconsin
• Therapeutic cloning has produced stable human embryos
• Can form tumors
• May be rejected and so immune suppressant drugs are needed
• Can be used to treat type 1 diabetes, Parkinson’s, etc.
• First human trial Geron – inject paralyzed patients
• Stanford (2008) use in rats who had strokes to improved coordination

Adult stem cells

• Found in most organs in the body
• Already partially differentiated
• Can only give rise to specialized cells for that organ
• Multipotent
• Used as treatment for 40 years
• No destruction of embryo
• Will see most advances in next 5 years
• Includes cord blood
• Asc extracted from bone marrow used to treat patients with heart problems
• DUKE(2008) – cord blood cells are being used on children to help treat cerebral palsy
• Tracheal transplant used asc to change the DNA
• Asc from fat tissue is being used to treat ms patients

IPS

• First produced in 2006 by Dr. yamanaka at Kyoto university
• Adult cess converted into stem cells by using 4 genes
• Pluripotent
• No embryos involved
• 2007 yamanaka and Thompson create first human ips
• Not as stable as est when transplanted
• May form tumors
• Used to study progression of disease. Diseased cells are taken back to embryonic stage and their development is studied drugs can be tested
• 2008 – process modified to insert proteins and reduce tumor risk
• July 2008 – motor neurons generated from two patients with als using ips method

please translate :) お願いします。